ANALYSIS OF SOME KEY INDICATORS OF ACTIVE ENTERPRISES WHICH HAVE BUSINESS OPERATIONS IN 2022

ANALYSIS OF SOME KEY INDICATORS OF ACTIVE ENTERPRISES WHICH HAVE BUSINESS OPERATIONS IN 2022

Part II

ANALYSIS OF SOME KEY INDICATORS OF ACTIVE VIETNAMESE ENTERPRISES WHICH HAVE BUSINESS OPERATIONS IN 2022

I. THE NUMBER OF ACTIVE ENTERPRISES WHICH HAVE BUSINESS OPERATIONS IN 2022

According to the statistics collected by the sector as of December 31, 2022, there were 735,455 enterprises actively engaged in production and business operations, showing a 2.3% increase compared to December 31, 2021.

Among these enterprises, 44.6% reported profits, 46.9% reported losses, and 8.5% reported breaking even. The industry and construction sector, along with state-owned enterprises, had the highest proportion of profitable businesses. In contrast, the services sector and non-state-owned enterprises had the highest proportion of businesses reporting losses.

Larger enterprises tended to have a higher proportion of profitable businesses and a lower proportion of businesses reporting losses.

Table 1. The number of active enterprises which have business operations nationwide from 2016 to 2022

1. According to the economic sectors

In the Services sector, there were 498,270 active enterprises engaged in production and business operations, accounting for 67.7% of the total number of enterprises nationwide, showing a 2.5% increase compared to the same period in 2021. Among these, 43.2% of the enterprises reported profits, 8.6% broke even, and 48.2% reported losses.

Out of the 12 sectors within the Services area, six sectors experienced positive growth in the number of enterprises. The Health and Social Assistance sector maintained rapid growth after the Covid-19 pandemic with a 14.0% increase. The Administrative and Support Service Activities sector grew by 4.2%, the Wholesale and Retail; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles sector increased by 4.1%, the Transport and Warehousing sector saw a 3.5% rise, the Accommodation and Food Service Activities sector grew by 2.8%, and the Professional, Scientific, and Technical Activities sector experienced a slight increase of 0.3%.

In contrast, six sectors experienced negative growth. The Other Service Activities sector declined by 9.4%, the Real Estate Business sector decreased by 5.3%, the Education and Training sector saw a 5.1% decline, the Financial, Banking, and Insurance Activities sector dropped by 4.0%, the Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation sector decreased by 1.7%, and the Information and Communication sector saw a 1.4% decline.

In the Services sector, the industries with the highest proportion of profitable enterprises were Professional, Scientific, and Technical Activities at 47.2%, Information and Communication at 46.3%, Transport and Warehousing at 45.5%, and Real Estate Business at 44.8%.

Conversely, the industries with the highest proportion of loss-making enterprises were Health and Social Assistance at 57.7%, Education and Training at 57.3%, Accommodation and Food Service Activities at 57.0%, Other Service Activities at 55.3%, and Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation at 54.7%.

In the Industry and Construction sector, there were 231,464 enterprises, accounting for 31.5% of the total, and showing a 2.5% increase. Within this sector, 47.6% of enterprises were profitable, 8.0% broke even, and 44.4% reported losses.

The growth rate of the Electricity, Gas, Steam, and Air Conditioning Supply sector slowed after two consecutive years of high growth, increasing by 4.4%. The Manufacturing and Processing Industry grew by 3.3%, with growth primarily concentrated in low-tech industries, which increased by 3.9%. High-tech industries saw minimal growth, increasing by 0.1%, while medium-tech industries grew by 3.5%.

The Water Supply; Sewerage, Waste Management, and Remediation Activities sector and the Construction sector grew by 1.7% and 1.9%, respectively. However, the Mining and Quarrying sector showed a declining trend, decreasing by 8.9%.

The Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector had 5,721 enterprises, accounting for 0.8% of the total, showing a 17.5% decrease. Among these enterprises, 45.9% reported profits, 11.0% broke even, and 43.1% reported losses.

Despite the significant decline in the number of enterprises in the agriculture sector, the majority were micro-enterprises with low value that could not continue operations post-Covid-19. However, large enterprises in this sector performed well. Consequently, the agriculture sector in 2022 still achieved notable successes, with many industries recording impressive results in exports.

Comparing the average periods of 2021-2022 with 2016-2020, the Industry and Construction sector had the highest growth rate in the number of enterprises, increasing by 24.8%. The Services sector increased by 18.2%, while the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector grew by 3.1%.

2. According to ownership structure

Table 2. The number of active enterprises and business performance according to ownership structure

As of December 31, 2022, there were 1,861 state-owned enterprises actively engaged in business performance, accounting for 0.3% of the total number of enterprises, which marked a 2.4% decrease compared to the same time the previous year. Among these, 82.9% were profitable, 1.9% broke even, and 15.2% reported losses. Specifically, there were 863 enterprises that were 100% state-owned, representing 46.4% of the total state-owned enterprises, a 1.6% decrease from 2021.

The private sector had 710,664 enterprises, accounting for 96.6% of all enterprises nationwide, reflecting a 2.4% increase compared to the same period in 2021. Among these, 44.3% were profitable, 8.6% broke even, and 47.1% reported losses.

The foreign direct investment (FDI) sector had 22,930 enterprises, making up 3.1% of the total number of enterprises, which represented a 1.4% increase compared to the same period in 2021. In this sector, 52.6% of the enterprises were profitable, 2.9% broke even, and 44.5% reported losses.

Comparing the average periods of 2021-2022 with 2016-2020, the FDI sector exhibited the highest growth rate in the number of enterprises, increasing by 29.3%. The private sector saw a 19.9% increase, while the state-owned enterprises experienced an 18.1% decrease.

3. According to enterprise size

Table 3. The number of active enterprises according to enterprise size from 2021 to 2022

Table 4. Business performance according to enterprise size in 2022

Micro and small enterprises consistently represent the largest segment, with 493,246 micro-sized enterprises, making up 67.1% of the total number of enterprises nationwide, showing a 1.0% decrease compared to the same period in 2021. Among these micro enterprises, 34.5% were profitable, 12.1% broke even, and 53.4% reported losses.

Small enterprises numbered 194,217, accounting for 26.4% of the total, reflecting a 10.2% increase. Among these, 63.2% were profitable, 1.0% broke even, and 35.8% reported losses.

Medium-sized enterprises totaled 27,716, making up 3.8% of the total, showing a 9.1% increase. Among these, 71.5% were profitable, 0.5% broke even, and 28.0% reported losses.

Large enterprises numbered 20,276, accounting for 2.7% of the total, reflecting a 7.6% increase. Among these, 76.4% were profitable, 0.3% broke even, and 23.3% reported losses.

4. According to the localities

At the end of 2022 compared to the same time in 2021, 30 out of 63 provinces had a growth rate in the number of active enterprises with positive business performance that was higher than the national average growth rate of 2.3%. In total, 45 out of 63 provinces had positive growth in the number of enterprises. Among these, Bình Dương saw a 9.6% increase, Sóc Trăng had a 9.4% increase, Bắc Ninh experienced an 8.9% increase, Bình Định saw an 8.1% increase, Hà Nam had a 7.5% increase, Lạng Sơn experienced a 6.0% increase, and Đồng Tháp saw a 5.9% increase.

Conversely, 33 out of 63 provinces had a growth rate in the number of active enterprises with business performance that was lower than the national average, and 18 out of 63 provinces experienced negative growth rates in the number of enterprises. Among these, Nam Định saw a 6.2% decrease, Hà Giang experienced a 5.1% decrease, Bình Phước saw a 4.4% decrease, Sơn La had a 3.8% decrease, Vĩnh Phúc experienced a 3.7% decrease, Quảng Nam saw a 3.3% decrease, and Lâm Đồng had a 3.0% decrease.

The provinces with the highest rates of profitable enterprises included Cà Mau with 76.2%, Cao Bằng with 70.7%, Hà Giang with 70.3%, Lai Châu with 69.7%, Sóc Trăng with 68.2%, An Giang with 67.2%, Điện Biên with 66.8%, Tuyên Quang with 62.0%, and Trà Vinh with 61.7%.

The provinces with the highest percentages of loss-making enterprises include: Đà Nẵng: 57.1%, Khánh Hòa: 55.1%, Hưng Yên: 54.7%, Hải Dương: 53.4%, Thái Bình: 52.7%, Bình Dương: 51.8%, Hồ Chí Minh City: 51.6%, Lạng Sơn: 51.4%, Bắc Giang: 51.2%, Vĩnh Phúc: 51.0%, …

Comparing the average periods from 2021-2022 with 2016-2020, 41 out of 63 provinces saw a growth rate in the number of active enterprises with business performance that was higher than the national average of 20.0%. The provinces with the highest growth rates included Bình Dương with a 55.0% increase, Bắc Giang with a 51.2% increase, Bắc Ninh with a 46.7% increase, and Ninh Thuận with a 42.4% increase.

Conversely, 22 out of 63 provinces had growth rates in the number of active enterprises with business performance that were lower than the national average. Among these, the provinces with the lowest growth rates included Điện Biên with a 6.2% increase, Hồ Chí Minh City with a 9.8% increase, Hà Tĩnh with an 11.1% increase, Bắc Kạn with an 11.7% increase, Lai Châu with an 11.8% increase, and Cà Mau with a 12.1% increase.

II. THE NUMBER OF WORKERS EMPLOYED BY ENTERPRISES WHICH HAVE BUSINESS PERFORMANCE IN 2022

As of December 31, 2022, the total number of workers employed in enterprises with business performance was 15.3 million people. This represents a 3.7% increase compared to the same time in 2021, and a 1.3% increase compared to 2019, which was before the Covid-19 pandemic.

This marks the first year after the Covid-19 pandemic that the number of workers in the enterprise sector has not only recovered but also increased compared to pre-pandemic levels.

The average number of employees per enterprise nationwide was 20.9 in 2022, up from 20.6 in 2021. However, this is still lower than in 2019, when the average was 22.7 employees per enterprise, and in 2020, when the average was 21.5.

Table 5. Workers employed by enterprises from 2016 to 2022

1. According to the economic sectors

In 2022, the Industry and Construction sector attracted the most workers among the three economic sectors, with 9.4 million employees, making up 61.4% of the total workforce in enterprises, despite only accounting for 31.5% of the total number of enterprises.

The average number of workers per enterprise in this sector was the highest at 40.7, a slight increase of 0.5% compared to 2021. However, the number of workers in this sector was still only 98.2% of the pre-Covid-19 level, down by 177,100 people.

Within this sector, the manufacturing and processing industry employed 7.7 million workers, representing 49.9% of the total enterprise workforce, a 0.7% increase compared to 2021. Most workers were concentrated in low-tech industries with 4.8 million people, a 0.8% increase. Medium-tech industries employed 1.2 million workers, a 2.6% increase, while high-tech industries had 1.7 million workers, a 0.6% decrease.

The Services sector had the highest number of enterprises but attracted significantly fewer workers compared to the Industry and Construction sector, with 5.7 million employees, accounting for 37.2% of the total workforce in enterprises. The average number of workers per enterprise in this sector was lower at 11.5. However, it achieved good growth in 2022, with a 9.4% increase.

This was the only sector to achieve a growth rate higher than the pre-Covid-19 level, with a 7.5% increase compared to 2019, equivalent to an increase of 400,800 people.

Table 6. YoY labor growth rate from 2016 to 2022 according to the economic sectors

In the Services sector, the industries employing the most workers included Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles, with 2.0 million workers, a 4.6% increase. The Transport and Warehousing industry employed 730.4 thousand workers, marking a 6.6% increase.

Administrative and Support Service Activities employed 659.2 thousand workers, with a notable 12.8% increase. The Professional, Scientific, and Technical Activities sector employed 470.0 thousand workers, a 7.7% increase, while Financial, Banking, and Insurance Activities employed 464.2 thousand workers, an 8.0% increase.

The Services industries with the highest growth rates from 2021 to 2022 were Accommodation and Food Service Activities, which increased by 27.2%; Education and Training, which saw a 22.0% increase; and Health and Social Assistance, which grew by 20.2%.

Additionally, the Services industries that exhibited impressive labor growth compared to pre-Covid-19 levels were Health and Social Assistance, with a 41.8% increase; Information and Communication, which saw a 39.6% increase; Administrative and Support Service Activities, which grew by 30.5%; Education and Training, with a 21.3% increase; Financial, Banking, and Insurance Activities, which increased by 20.3%; and Real Estate Activities, which saw a 20.2% increase.

Despite achieving good growth in 2022 with a 27.2% increase, the Accommodation and Food Service Activities sector continued to be significantly impacted by Covid-19. The number of workers in this sector remained much lower than pre-pandemic levels, down by 11.7%, which corresponds to a reduction of 46,600 workers.

The Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector attracted 215,300 workers, accounting for 1.4% of the total enterprise workforce. This marked a 4.7% increase compared to the same period in 2021.

However, the number of workers in this sector was still 15.6% lower than pre-pandemic levels, equivalent to a reduction of 33,900 workers. The average number of workers per enterprise in this sector was 37.6.

Comparing the average periods from 2021-2022 with 2016-2020, the Services sector saw an 8.4% increase in the number of workers, although the average number of workers per enterprise decreased by 8.3%, from 12.1 to 11.1.

In the Industry and Construction sector, the number of workers grew by a modest 0.5%, but the average number of workers per enterprise decreased significantly by 19.5%, from 51.0 to 41.1.

The Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector experienced a 14% decrease in the number of workers, with the average number of workers per enterprise decreasing by 16.6%, from 39.3 to 33.3.

2. According to ownership structure

As of December 31, 2022, private enterprises, which constitute the majority of enterprises, also employed a large portion of the workforce in the enterprise sector. They employed 9.1 million people, making up 59.2% of the total workforce in enterprises, a 5.6% increase compared to the same period in 2021.

However, most enterprises in this sector are micro and small enterprises, with an average labor size of only 12.8 workers per enterprise, which is significantly lower than the average labor size in the other two sectors.

Table 7. YoY labor growth rate from 2016 to 2022 according to ownership structure

FDI enterprises continued to attract 5.2 million workers, making up 34.2% of the workforce in the enterprise sector, with a 0.7% increase. The average number of workers per FDI enterprise was 229.1, comparable to the size of large enterprises.

State-owned enterprises, although few in number (accounting for only 0.3% of the total enterprises), employed 1.0 million workers, representing 6.6% of the workforce, with a 2.8% increase. This sector had the highest average labor size per enterprise, at 540.5 workers per enterprise, which is 42.3 times higher than private enterprises and 2.4 times higher than FDI enterprises.

Comparing the average periods from 2021-2022 with 2016-2020, the number of workers in FDI enterprises grew the fastest, increasing by 11.7%, though the average number of workers per enterprise decreased from 266.1 to 229.9.

In the private sector, the number of workers grew by 0.5%, while the average number of workers per enterprise decreased from 15.0 to 12.6. State-owned enterprises, despite a 13.6% decrease in the number of workers, saw an increase in the average number of workers per enterprise from 499.2 to 526.7.

3. According to enterprise size

As of December 31, 2022, micro and small enterprises, although making up 93.5% of the total number of enterprises, only accounted for 26.5% of the total workforce in the enterprise sector.

Specifically, micro enterprises attracted 1.4 million workers, a 0.2% increase compared to the same time in 2021, with an average of 2.9 workers per enterprise. Small enterprises employed 2.6 million workers, a 5.0% increase, with an average of 13.6 workers per enterprise.

Table 8. YoY labor growth rate from 2016 to 2022 according to enterprise size

Medium-sized enterprises attracted 1.5 million workers, accounting for 9.6% of the total workforce, with a 5.0% increase. The average number of workers per medium enterprise was 53.1. Large enterprises, on the other hand, attracted 9.8 million workers, representing 63.9% of the total workforce, with a 3.6% increase. The average number of workers per large enterprise was 483.4.

Comparing the average periods from 2021-2022 with 2016-2020, the number of workers in medium and large enterprises increased, with medium enterprises seeing a 4.7% increase and large enterprises a 5.8% increase. Meanwhile, the number of workers in small and micro enterprises decreased, with micro enterprises experiencing a 4.5% decrease and small enterprises a 3.3% decrease.

The average number of workers per enterprise decreased across all groups: micro enterprises saw a decrease from 3.7 to 2.9, small enterprises from 16.7 to 13.9, medium enterprises from 65.0 to 54.1, and large enterprises from 545.0 to 492.3.

4. According to the localities

As of December 31, 2022, 20 out of 63 provinces experienced a growth rate in the number of workers in active enterprises with business performance that was higher than the national average increase of 3.7%. The provinces with the highest increases included Lâm Đồng with a 10.3% increase, Bà Rịa – Vũng Tàu with an 8.8% increase, Cà Mau with a 7.9% increase, Vĩnh Long with a 7.6% increase, Đà Nẵng with a 7.5% increase, Hà Nội with a 7.3% increase, Tiền Giang with a 7.1% increase, and Nghệ An with a 6.9% increase.

Conversely, 26 out of 63 provinces had growth rates in the number of workers in active enterprises with business performance that were lower than the national average. Seventeen provinces saw a decrease in the number of workers, with Điện Biên experiencing the largest decline at 9.9%, followed by Hà Giang with a 5.5% decrease, Đắk Nông with a 4.8% decrease, Bắc Ninh with a 4.4% decrease, and Quảng Ngãi with a 3.9% decrease.

The provinces with the largest concentrations of workers in enterprises were Hồ Chí Minh City with 2.9 million workers, Hà Nội with 2.4 million workers, Bình Dương with 1.1 million workers, Đồng Nai with 846.6 thousand workers, Hải Phòng with 529.1 thousand workers, Bắc Ninh with 445.4 thousand workers, Hải Dương with 375.7 thousand workers, and Thanh Hóa with 362.1 thousand workers.

Additionally, 33 out of 63 provinces had an average enterprise size that was larger than the national average of 20.9 workers per enterprise.

At the end of 2022, Bắc Giang had the highest average number of workers per enterprise at 53.4, followed by Tây Ninh with 47.2, Hải Dương with 43.6, Thái Nguyên with 41.8, Thái Bình with 38.5, Hà Nam with 37.6, Bắc Ninh with 37.2, and Tiền Giang with 36.8.

On the other hand, 30 out of 63 provinces had an average number of workers per enterprise lower than the national average. The provinces with the lowest averages included Đắk Nông with 9.2, Đắk Lắk with 9.9, Lạng Sơn with 10.3, Quảng Trị with 10.8, Quảng Bình with 11.0, Sơn La and Lai Châu both with 11.2, and Lâm Đồng with 11.9.

Among the major provinces, the average number of workers per enterprise were as follows: Hà Nội had 16.0, Hồ Chí Minh City had 13.1, Bình Dương had 31.4, Đồng Nai had 36.2, Hải Phòng had 30.5, Đà Nẵng had 13.8, Quảng Ninh had 29.2, and Khánh Hòa had 15.4.

Comparing the average periods from 2021-2022 with 2016-2020, 36 out of 63 provinces had a growth rate in the number of workers in active enterprises with business performance that was higher than or equal to the national average increase of 3.0%. The provinces with the highest growth rates included Bắc Giang with a 49.3% increase, Tuyên Quang with a 38.2% increase, Quảng Ngãi with a 30.7% increase, Hà Nam with a 24.7% increase, Hòa Bình with a 22.4% increase, and Sóc Trăng with a 22.2% increase.

In contrast, 5 out of 63 provinces had a growth rate in the number of active enterprises with business performance that was lower than the national average, and 22 provinces saw a decrease in the number of workers.

Comparing the same periods, only 3 out of 63 provinces had a trend of expanding the average labor size per enterprise, while 60 provinces showed a trend of reducing the average labor size per enterprise.

The provinces showing an upward trend in the average enterprise labor size between the periods of 2021-2022 and 2016-2020 include Quảng Ngãi, which saw an increase from 18.9 to 21.2 workers per enterprise; Hòa Bình, which rose from 26.4 to 28.3; and Tuyên Quang, which increased from 26.6 to 28.2.

Conversely, the provinces with the most significant decreases in average enterprise labor size were Bình Dương, which fell from 53.3 to 32.9 workers per enterprise; Thái Nguyên, which declined from 59.5 to 43.2; Đồng Nai, which decreased from 50.9 to 36.7; Điện Biên, which dropped from 42.5 to 29.6; Long An, which reduced from 48.1 to 35.3; and Lào Cai, which declined from 28.4 to 15.9.

In the major provinces, there was a noticeable trend of decreasing average labor size per enterprise. In Hà Nội, the average number of workers per enterprise decreased from 18.4 to 15.6. In Hồ Chí Minh City, it dropped from 14.8 to 12.9. In Hải Phòng, it went from 31.3 to 29.9. In Đà Nẵng, the average fell significantly from 19.0 to 13.5. Khánh Hòa saw a reduction from 23.3 to 15.5, while Quảng Ninh experienced a decrease from 34.9 to 28.8.

III. CAPITAL FOR BUSINESS OPERATIONS OF ACTIVE ENTERPRISES WITH BUSINESS PERFORMANCE IN 2022

As of December 31, 2022, the total capital mobilized by all active enterprises with business performance reached 59.1 million billion VND, marking an 8.6% increase compared to the same period in 2021. The average capital per enterprise nationwide was 80.4 billion VND, an increase of 6.1% compared to the previous year.

Table 9. Capital of enterprises from 2016 to 2022

1. According to the economic sectors

As of December 31, 2022, the Services sector attracted the largest amount of capital, totaling 40.0 million billion VND, which accounted for 67.7% of the total capital in the enterprise sector. This represented an 11.2% increase compared to the same period in 2021.

The average capital per enterprise in this sector was 80.4 billion VND, an 8.4% increase from the previous year. However, excluding the financial, banking, and insurance activities sector, the average capital per enterprise in the Services sector was only 41.3 billion VND.

The specific industries within the Services sector that attracted the most capital were: Financial, Banking, and Insurance Activities: 19.6 million billion VND, with an average capital of 5.2 trillion VND per enterprise; Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles: 7.4 million billion VND, with an average capital of 26.6 billion VND per enterprise; Real Estate Activities: 7.3 million billion VND, with an average capital of 375.6 billion VND per enterprise; Transport and Warehousing: 1.7 million billion VND, with an average capital of 40.0 billion VND per enterprise.

Table 10. Capital of enterprises according to the economic sectors from 2016 to 2022

The Services sector saw the highest growth rates in various industries from 2021 to 2022. Administrative and Support Services increased by 18.3%, corresponding to an additional 79.4 trillion VND. Health and Social Assistance grew by 14.6%, adding 18.2 trillion VND. The Professional, Scientific, and Technical Activities sector increased by 13.0%, equivalent to 147.7 trillion VND. Real Estate Activities saw a 12.7% increase, adding 821.6 trillion VND, while Financial, Banking, and Insurance Activities grew by 12.6%, adding 2.2 million billion VND.

In contrast, the Industry and Construction sector attracted 18.6 million billion VND, accounting for 31.5% of the total capital in the enterprise sector. This represented a 3.7% increase compared to 2021. The average capital per enterprise in this sector was 80.5 billion VND, a 1.2% increase from the previous year.

In the Industry and Construction sector, the manufacturing and processing industry attracted 11.4 million billion VND, accounting for 61.3% of the sector’s capital, with a 7.2% increase compared to the same period last year. The construction industry attracted 3.8 million billion VND, accounting for 20.4%, but this represented a 9.6% decrease.

The electricity production and distribution sector attracted 2.5 million billion VND, making up 13.2% of the sector’s capital, with a 6.5% increase. The mining industry attracted 679.6 trillion VND, accounting for 3.6%, with a notable 22.0% increase. The water supply, waste management, and waste treatment sector attracted 280.8 trillion VND, representing 1.5% of the sector’s capital, with an 11.8% increase. 

The average capital per enterprise in various industries within the Industry and Construction sector is as follows: The electricity production and distribution industry has an average of 368.9 billion VND per enterprise; The mining industry has an average of 230.6 billion VND per enterprise.

The manufacturing and processing industry has an average of 99.6 billion VND per enterprise. Within this sector: Low-tech industries have an average capital of 63.7 billion VND per enterprise; Medium-tech industries have an average capital of 87.9 billion VND per enterprise; High-tech industries have an average capital of 289.0 billion VND per enterprise; The water supply, waste management, and waste treatment industry has an average capital of 90.5 billion VND per enterprise; The construction industry has an average capital of 36.4 billion VND per enterprise.

In the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector, 467.8 trillion VND was attracted, accounting for 0.8% of the enterprise sector’s capital. This represented a 2.9% decrease compared to 2021. However, the average capital per enterprise in this sector reached 81.8 billion VND, a significant 17.6% increase compared to the previous year.

Comparing the average periods from 2021-2022 with 2016-2020, the Services sector saw a 51.6% increase in capital, with the average capital per enterprise increasing by 28.3%, from 60.2 billion VND to 77.3 billion VND.

The Industry and Construction sector experienced a 41.4% increase in capital, with the average capital per enterprise rising by 13.3%, from 70.7 billion VND to 80.0 billion VND.

The Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector saw a 22.5% increase in capital, with the average capital per enterprise growing by 18.8%, from 63.2 billion VND to 75.1 billion VND.

2. According to ownership structure

Private enterprises attracted the largest amount of capital, totaling 35.3 million billion VND, which accounted for 59.7% of the total capital in the enterprise sector, marking a 7.3% increase compared to 2021. This sector, which comprises many small and micro enterprises, has a relatively small average capital per enterprise at 49.7 billion VND, compared to other sectors.

State-owned enterprises, while constituting only 0.3% of the total number of enterprises, attracted 12.1 million billion VND, accounting for 20.5% of the total enterprise sector capital, with an 11.2% increase. This sector has the highest average capital per enterprise, at 6.5 trillion VND.

FDI enterprises attracted 11.7 million billion VND, accounting for 19.8% of the total capital, with a 10.0% increase. The average capital per FDI enterprise was 509.1 billion VND.

Table 11. Capital of enterprises according to ownership structure from 2021 to 2022

Comparing the average periods from 2021-2022 with 2016-2020, the FDI enterprise sector experienced the fastest growth in mobilized capital, increasing by 57.7%. The average capital per enterprise in this sector rose from 401.1 billion VND during 2016-2020 to 489.4 billion VND during 2021-2022.

Private enterprises saw a 55.6% increase in mobilized capital, with the average capital per enterprise rising from 37.4 billion VND to 48.6 billion VND. The state-owned enterprises sector experienced a 22.2% increase in mobilized capital, with the average capital per enterprise growing from 4.1 trillion VND to 6.1 trillion VND.

3. According to enterprise size

Large enterprises, though making up only 2.7% of the total number of enterprises nationwide, attracted the most capital for production and business activities, totaling 42.5 million billion VND, which accounted for 71.9% of the total capital in the enterprise sector, marking a 13.0% increase.

Micro enterprises attracted 5.2 million billion VND, accounting for 8.9% of the total capital, but this represented a 14.5% decrease. Small enterprises attracted 6.8 million billion VND, accounting for 11.5% of the total capital, with a 7.4% increase. Medium enterprises attracted 4.6 million billion VND, accounting for 7.7% of the total capital, with a 4.8% increase.

Table 12. Capital of enterprises according to enterprise size from 2021 to 2022

The average capital per enterprise for different sizes of enterprises varies significantly. For micro enterprises, the average capital is 10.6 billion VND; for small enterprises, it is 35.1 billion VND; for medium enterprises, it is 165.3 billion VND; and for large enterprises, it is 2.1 trillion VND.

Comparing the average periods from 2021-2022 with 2016-2020, the growth in capital mobilization for medium enterprises increased by 54.6%, for large enterprises by 50.7%, for small enterprises by 44.0%, and for micro enterprises by 29.8%.

4. According to the localities

As of December 31, 2022, 27 out of 63 provinces experienced a growth rate in capital within active enterprises with business performance that exceeded the national average increase of 8.6%.

The provinces with the highest increases included Hưng Yên, which saw a 46.9% increase; Lai Châu, which grew by 29.8%; both Lạng Sơn and Khánh Hòa, which experienced a 23.3% increase; Phú Yên, with a 22.7% increase; Bắc Giang, which rose by 21.7%; and Cà Mau, which increased by 20.1%.

Conversely, 24 out of 63 provinces had growth rates in capital that were lower than the national average, and 12 provinces saw a decrease in capital compared to the previous year.

The provinces with the most significant decreases included Điện Biên, which experienced a 12.4% decrease; Bình Định, which declined by 6.3%; Hà Giang, which saw a 5.0% decrease; Đà Nẵng, which reduced by 4.6%; Gia Lai, with a 3.7% decrease; and Ninh Thuận, which declined by 3.6%.

The provinces attracting the most capital within the enterprise sector as of December 31, 2022, included: Hà Nội: 12.5 million billion VND; Hồ Chí Minh City: 11.2 million billion VND; Bình Dương: 1.9 million billion VND; Đồng Nai: 1.5 million billion VND; Hải Phòng: 1.3 million billion VND; Bắc Ninh: 1.1 million billion VND; Bà Rịa – Vũng Tàu: 1.0 million billion VND; Long An: 768.7 trillion VND.

There were 10 out of 63 provinces where the average capital per enterprise exceeded the national average of 80.4 billion VND.

Among these, the highest averages were: Thái Nguyên: 132.6 billion VND; Hưng Yên: 100.7 billion VND; Bà Rịa – Vũng Tàu: 98.4 billion VND; Bắc Giang: 96.7 billion VND; Hà Tĩnh: 96.3 billion VND; Tây Ninh: 93.2 billion VND; Ninh Bình: 92.2 billion VND…

Conversely, 53 out of 63 provinces had an average capital per enterprise lower than the national average.

Among the provinces with the lowest average capital per enterprise as of December 31, 2022, are Bắc Kạn with 21.9 billion VND per enterprise, Đắk Lắk with 24.8 billion VND, Đắk Nông with 25.9 billion VND, Phú Yên with 26.2 billion VND, Lâm Đồng with 27.3 billion VND, Thừa Thiên – Huế with 27.5 billion VND, and Cao Bằng with 27.7 billion VND…

For major provinces, the average capital per enterprise is as follows: Hà Nội: 82.9 billion VND; Hồ Chí Minh City: 51.2 billion VND; Bình Dương: 55.3 billion VND; Đồng Nai: 63.3 billion VND; Hải Phòng: 72.1 billion VND; Bắc Ninh: 88.2 billion VND; Đà Nẵng: 28.2 billion VND.

Comparing the average periods from 2021-2022 with 2016-2020, 38 out of 63 provinces experienced growth rates in capital attraction for business activities that exceeded the national average of 47.8%. The provinces with the highest growth rates included: Ninh Thuận: 175.6%; Bắc Giang: 174.7%; Quảng Trị: 111.8%; Hưng Yên: 109.5%; Hòa Bình: 105.7%; Vĩnh Long: 95.9%; Bình Phước: 94.8%; Bình Thuận: 92.7%; Hà Nam: 86.5%…

Conversely, 25 out of 63 provinces had growth rates in capital attraction that were lower than the national average, with the slowest growth rates observed in: Hà Tĩnh: 6.9%; Bắc Kạn: 14.9%; Hà Giang: 15.6%; Quảng Ninh: 21.1%; Lào Cai: 24.0%; Cao Bằng: 24.6%.

During the same periods, only 5 out of 63 provinces showed a trend of decreasing average capital size per enterprise, while 58 provinces showed a trend of increasing average capital size per enterprise.

The provinces that showed an upward trend in the average capital per enterprise between 2021-2022 compared to the 2016-2020 period are as follows: Bắc Giang: Increased from 48.7 billion VND to 88.5 billion VND; Hưng Yên: Increased from 55.4 billion VND to 84.9 billion VND; Ninh Thuận: Increased from 28.6 billion VND to 55.3 billion VND; Tây Ninh: Increased from 64.6 billion VND to 90.7 billion VND; Hòa Bình: Increased from 30.6 billion VND to 55.0 billion VND; Bình Thuận: Increased from 39.6 billion VND to 62.9 billion VND.

The regions that show a trend of reducing average capital per enterprise include Bắc Ninh, where the average capital per enterprise decreased from 101.2 billion VND to 91.8 billion VND. Similarly, Lào Cai experienced a reduction in average capital per enterprise, dropping from 54.3 billion VND to 50.0 billion VND.

In Hà Tĩnh, the average capital per enterprise decreased from 99.9 billion VND to 96.2 billion VND. Hà Giang also saw a decline, with average capital per enterprise reducing from 48.8 billion VND to 47.3 billion VND. In Cao Bằng, the average capital per enterprise slightly decreased from 27.5 billion VND to 27.4 billion VND.

The major provinces showing an upward trend in average capital per enterprise from 2021-2022 compared to the period of 2016-2020 include Hà Nội, where the average capital per enterprise increased from 66.2 billion VND to 81.2 billion VND.

Hồ Chí Minh City saw an increase in average capital per enterprise from 41.3 billion VND to 50.8 billion VND. Bình Dương experienced a rise from 54.4 billion VND to 55.9 billion VND, while Đồng Nai saw an increase from 59.9 billion VND to 63.2 billion VND. In Hải Phòng, the average capital per enterprise grew from 50.4 billion VND to 68.0 billion VND.

Đà Nẵng’s average capital per enterprise increased from 24.9 billion VND to 29.1 billion VND, and Khánh Hòa saw a significant rise from 35.0 billion VND to 48.2 billion VND.

IV. NET REVENUE OF ACTIVE ENTERPRISES WITH BUSINESS PERFORMANCE IN 2022

The total net revenue of all active enterprises with business performance in 2022 reached 36.0 million billion VND, reflecting an 18.3% increase compared to 2021. The average net revenue per enterprise nationwide was 48.9 billion VND, a 15.6% increase compared to the previous year.

Table 13. Net revenue of enterprises from 2016 to 2022

1. According to the economic sectors

In 2022, the Services sector achieved impressive growth, increasing by 22.7% compared to 2021. It generated 18.3 million billion VND in net revenue, which accounted for 50.9% of the total net revenue of the entire enterprise sector. On average, each enterprise in the Services sector generated 36.7 billion VND.

This figure is nearly half of that in the Industry and Construction sector, which was 75.4 billion VND per enterprise, and approximately equal to that of the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector, which was 37.4 billion VND per enterprise.

The Services sectors that generated the highest net revenue included Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles, which reached 12.3 million billion VND, marking a 21.7% increase compared to 2021. The Financial, Banking, and Insurance Activities sector generated 1.7 million billion VND, a 16.7% increase.

The Transport and Warehousing sector produced 1.6 million billion VND, reflecting a 24.6% growth. Lastly, the Real Estate Activities sector generated 825.7 trillion VND, showing a significant 31.5% increase.

Table 14. Net revenue of enterprises according to the economic sectors from 2016 to 2022

The Services sectors with the highest growth rates in net revenue from 2021 to 2022 include Accommodation and Food Services, which saw a remarkable increase of 67.9%. The Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation sector grew by 55.4%, while Administrative and Support Services increased by 43.4%. Education and Training experienced a 40.0% growth, and Health and Social Assistance saw a 35.5% increase.

In terms of average net revenue per enterprise, the highest figures within the Services sector were observed in Financial, Banking, and Insurance Activities, with 443.8 billion VND per enterprise.

The Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation sector had an average net revenue of 44.5 billion VND per enterprise, while Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles had 44.2 billion VND per enterprise. The Real Estate Activities sector recorded an average net revenue of 42.7 billion VND per enterprise.

The net revenue of enterprises in the Industry and Construction sector amounted to 17.5 million billion VND, accounting for 48.5% of the total net revenue of the entire enterprise sector, with a 14.0% increase compared to the previous year.

The manufacturing and processing industry generated 79.1% of the net revenue in the industrial sector, amounting to 13.8 million billion VND. This marked a 15.1% increase, with an average net revenue of 120.4 billion VND per enterprise. Within this sector, low-tech industries contributed 4.8 million billion VND, high-tech industries generated 5.7 million billion VND, and medium-tech industries produced 3.3 million billion VND.

The net revenue of enterprises in the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector reached 213.8 trillion VND, accounting for 0.6% of the total net revenue of the entire enterprise sector. This represented a 13.5% increase compared to 2021.

Comparing the average periods from 2021-2022 with 2016-2020, the net revenue in the Services sector increased by 46.6%. The average net revenue per enterprise in this sector rose by 24.1%, from 27.2 billion VND per enterprise to 33.7 billion VND per enterprise.

In the Industry and Construction sector, net revenue grew by 40.9%. The average net revenue per enterprise increased by 12.9%, from 63.5 billion VND to 71.6 billion VND per enterprise.

The Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector saw the highest increase in net revenue, growing by 52.4%. The average net revenue per enterprise in this sector rose significantly by 47.8%, from 21.5 billion VND to 31.8 billion VND per enterprise.

2. According to ownership structure

In 2022, private enterprises generated 20.7 million billion VND in net revenue, accounting for 57.5% of the total net revenue of the entire enterprise sector. This represents a 17.6% increase compared to 2021. The average net revenue per private enterprise was 29.1 billion VND, reflecting a 14.9% increase compared to the previous year.

FDI enterprises generated 11.0 million billion VND in net revenue, accounting for 30.5% of the total net revenue. This sector saw a 16.1% increase in net revenue. The average net revenue per FDI enterprise was 478.6 billion VND, which is a 14.5% increase compared to the previous year.

Table 15. Net revenue of enterprises according to ownership structure from 2021 to 2022

State-owned enterprises generated 4.3 million billion VND in net revenue, which accounted for 12.0% of the total net revenue, reflecting a 27.5% increase. On average, each state-owned enterprise generated 2.3 trillion VND in net revenue, an increase of 30.6%.

Comparing the average periods from 2021-2022 with 2016-2020, the net revenue of state-owned enterprises increased by 17.1%. The average net revenue per state-owned enterprise rose by 43.0%, from 1.4 trillion VND to 2.0 trillion VND per enterprise.

For private enterprises, net revenue increased by 45.3%, with the average net revenue per enterprise rising by 21.2%, from 22.5 billion VND to 27.2 billion VND. Meanwhile, FDI enterprises saw a net revenue increase of 53.8%, with the average net revenue per enterprise increasing by 19.0%, from 377.0 billion VND to 448.5 billion VND per enterprise.

3. According to enterprise size

In 2022, large enterprises generated 74.6% of the net revenue for the enterprise sector, amounting to 26.8 million billion VND, which was a 19.0% increase compared to 2021.

Medium enterprises produced 3.4 million billion VND, representing 9.5% of the net revenue, with a 13.3% increase. Small enterprises generated 4.9 million billion VND, accounting for 13.6% of the net revenue, reflecting an 18.5% increase. Meanwhile, micro enterprises generated 837.7 trillion VND, making up 2.3% of the net revenue, with a 15.9% increase.

The larger the enterprise, the higher the average net revenue per enterprise. Specifically, large enterprises generated an average of 1.3 trillion VND per enterprise. Medium enterprises produced an average net revenue of 123.3 billion VND per enterprise. Small enterprises created an average of 25.2 billion VND per enterprise, while micro enterprises generated an average of 1.7 billion VND per enterprise.

Table 16. Capital of enterprises according to enterprise size from 2021 to 2022

Comparing the average periods from 2021-2022 with 2016-2020, net revenue for large enterprises increased by 47.6%, with average net revenue per enterprise rising by 26.1%, from 1,000.9 billion VND to 1,261.8 billion VND per enterprise.

For medium enterprises, net revenue grew by 41.1%, with average net revenue per enterprise increasing by 12.1%, from 108.1 billion VND to 121.1 billion VND per enterprise.

Small enterprises saw a 31.2% increase in net revenue, with average net revenue per enterprise rising by 13.3%, from 21.5 billion VND to 24.3 billion VND per enterprise.

Micro enterprises experienced a 19.9% increase in net revenue, although the average net revenue per enterprise decreased slightly by 1.3%, from 1.6 billion VND to 1.57 billion VND per enterprise.

4. According to the localities

In 2022, 37 out of 63 provinces had net revenue growth rates higher than the national average increase of 18.3%. Among these, Bắc Giang had the highest growth rate at 64.1%, followed by Vĩnh Long at 44.2%, Tiền Giang at 39.7%, Phú Yên at 38.1%, Đồng Tháp at 37.7%, Cần Thơ at 36.6%, Quảng Nam at 36.5%, and Hậu Giang at 34.8%.

There were 24 out of 63 provinces with net revenue growth rates below the national average. Two provinces experienced a decrease in net revenue compared to 2021: Hà Tĩnh saw a 10.3% decline, and Lạng Sơn had a 1.6% decrease.

The provinces generating the highest net revenue in the country were Hồ Chí Minh City with 8.1 million billion VND, accounting for 22.6% of the national total and increasing by 21.8% compared to 2021. Hà Nội followed with 6.1 million billion VND, representing 17.1% of the national total and increasing by 16.9%. Bình Dương generated 1.9 million billion VND, accounting for 5.4%, with a 12.7% increase.

Bắc Ninh produced 1.7 million billion VND, representing 4.7%, with a 3.5% increase. Đồng Nai generated 1.6 million billion VND, accounting for 4.4%, with a 10.5% increase. Hải Phòng generated 1.3 million billion VND, accounting for 3.5%, with a 13.3% increase.

The regions with the highest average net revenue per large enterprise are Thái Nguyên, with 219.9 billion VND per enterprise; Bắc Ninh, with 141.4 billion VND per enterprise; Bắc Giang, with 107.2 billion VND per enterprise; Vĩnh Phúc, with 91.7 billion VND per enterprise; Ninh Bình, with 89.9 billion VND per enterprise; Tây Ninh, with 88.3 billion VND per enterprise; Hưng Yên, with 84.9 billion VND per enterprise; and Quảng Ninh, with 84.4 billion VND per enterprise.

For major regions, the average net revenue per enterprise is as follows: Hà Nội has 40.8 billion VND per enterprise, Hồ Chí Minh City has 38.0 billion VND per enterprise, Bình Dương has 62.4 billion VND per enterprise, Đồng Nai has 68.3 billion VND per enterprise, Hải Phòng has 72.8 billion VND per enterprise, Đà Nẵng has 19.0 billion VND per enterprise, and Khánh Hòa has 22.9 billion VND per enterprise.

V. PRE-TAX PROFIT OF ACTIVE ENTERPRISES WITH BUSINESS PERFORMANCE IN 2022

In 2022, the total pre-tax profit of enterprises reached 1,459.7 trillion VND, which represented a 14.3% increase compared to 2021. The proportion of profitable enterprises was 44.6%, reflecting a 12.9% increase. On the other hand, the proportion of enterprises operating at a loss was 46.9%, a decrease of 7.0%.

The average pre-tax profit per enterprise nationwide was 2.0 billion VND, showing an 11.7% increase compared to the previous year.

Table 17. Pre-tax profit of enterprises from 2016 to 2022

1. According to the economic sectors

In 2022, the Services sector generated the highest pre-tax profit among all industries, reaching 794.7 trillion VND, which accounted for 54.4% of the total pre-tax profit of the enterprise sector, marking a 40.3% increase compared to the previous year.

The sub-sectors within Services that produced the most significant pre-tax profits included Financial, Banking, and Insurance Activities, which generated 308.2 trillion VND, representing a 19.0% increase.

The Real Estate Activities sector generated 188.8 trillion VND, reflecting an 86.1% increase. Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles produced 128.3 trillion VND, an increase of 14.4%, and the Information and Communication sector generated 90.6 trillion VND, marking an 11.3% increase.

The average pre-tax profit per Services enterprise was 1.6 billion VND. The proportion of profitable enterprises in the Services sector was 43.2%, while 48.2% of enterprises in this sector operated at a loss.

Table 18. Pre-tax profit of enterprises according to the economic sectors from 2021 to 2022

The Services sectors with the highest average pre-tax profit per enterprise in 2022 were Financial, Banking, and Insurance Activities, which achieved an average pre-tax profit of 81.2 billion VND per enterprise. In this sector, 41.0% of enterprises were profitable, while 50.0% operated at a loss.

The Real Estate Activities sector had an average pre-tax profit of 9.8 billion VND per enterprise, with 44.8% of enterprises profitable and 47.8% at a loss. The Information and Communication sector averaged 5.6 billion VND per enterprise, with 46.3% of enterprises making a profit and 46.3% experiencing losses.

On the other hand, the Services sectors with the lowest average pre-tax profit per enterprise included the Accommodation and Food Services sector, which had an average loss of 0.3 billion VND per enterprise. In this sector, 31.3% of enterprises were profitable, while 57.0% operated at a loss.

Other Services Activities had an average pre-tax profit of 0.1 billion VND per enterprise, with 33.0% of enterprises profitable and 55.3% at a loss. The Administrative and Support Services sector averaged 0.2 billion VND per enterprise in pre-tax profit, with 42.9% of enterprises profitable and 48.1% operating at a loss.

In 2022, the Industry and Construction sector generated 655.2 trillion VND in pre-tax profit, accounting for 44.9% of the total pre-tax profit of the enterprise sector, which was a 6.4% decrease compared to the previous year.

The sub-sectors within Industry and Construction that generated the highest pre-tax profits included the manufacturing and processing industry, which accounted for 78.6% of the pre-tax profit for this sector, reaching 515 trillion VND.

Within this industry, high-tech sectors generated 286.4 trillion VND, low-tech sectors contributed 174.8 trillion VND, and medium-tech sectors produced 53.8 trillion VND. The mining sector also made a significant contribution, generating 69.0 trillion VND, which accounted for 10.5% of the pre-tax profit, marking a 165.8% increase.

The average pre-tax profit per enterprise in the Industry and Construction sector was 2.8 billion VND. The proportion of profitable enterprises in this sector was 47.6%, while 44.4% of enterprises operated at a loss.

In the Industry and Construction sector, the average pre-tax profit per enterprise in 2022 varied across different industries. The mining industry had an average pre-tax profit of 23.4 billion VND per enterprise, with 44.3% of enterprises being profitable and 46.1% operating at a loss.

The manufacturing and processing industry achieved an average pre-tax profit of 4.5 billion VND per enterprise, with a profitability rate of 45.9% and a loss rate of 47.0%. Within this sector, high-tech industries had an average pre-tax profit of 20.1 billion VND per enterprise, with 47.1% of enterprises profitable and 47.3% at a loss. Low-tech industries had an average pre-tax profit of 2.8 billion VND per enterprise, with a profitability rate of 44.3% and a loss rate of 48.1%. Medium-tech industries recorded an average pre-tax profit of 1.4 billion VND per enterprise, with 48.1% of enterprises profitable and 45.1% operating at a loss.

The electricity production and distribution sector achieved an average pre-tax profit of 5.4 billion VND per enterprise, with 57.2% of enterprises profitable and 38.5% at a loss. The water supply, waste treatment, and sewerage sector recorded an average pre-tax profit of 2.8 billion VND per enterprise, with 51.0% of enterprises profitable and 42.2% operating at a loss.

Lastly, the construction industry had an average pre-tax profit of 0.3 billion VND per enterprise, with a profitability rate of 48.9% and a loss rate of 42.0%.

The Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector generated 9.8 trillion VND in pre-tax profit in 2022, which accounted for 0.7% of the total pre-tax profit of the enterprise sector. This represents a 9.2% decrease compared to the previous year. The average pre-tax profit per enterprise in this sector was 1.7 billion VND. The proportion of profitable enterprises was 45.9%, while 43.1% operated at a loss.

Comparing the average periods from 2021-2022 with 2016-2020, the pre-tax profit in the Services sector increased by 85.1%, with the average pre-tax profit per enterprise rising by 56.7%. The proportion of profitable enterprises decreased by 3.0%, while the proportion of loss-making enterprises increased by 2.7%.

In the Industry and Construction sector, pre-tax profit grew by 37.2%, with the average pre-tax profit per enterprise increasing by 9.9%. The proportion of profitable enterprises decreased by 5.5%, while the proportion of loss-making enterprises increased by 6.5%.

The Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector saw a substantial increase in pre-tax profit, growing by 140.6%, with the average pre-tax profit per enterprise rising by 133.3%. The proportion of profitable enterprises in this sector increased by 4.5%, while the proportion of loss-making enterprises increased by 7.0%.

2. According to ownership structure

FDI enterprises accounted for 38.1% of the pre-tax profit of the enterprise sector, generating 556.2 trillion VND, a 6.1% increase compared to the previous year. On average, each FDI enterprise generated 24.3 billion VND in pre-tax profit, with 52.6% of enterprises being profitable and 44.5% operating at a loss.

Private enterprises contributed 38% to the pre-tax profit, amounting to 555.2 trillion VND, which was a 12.8% increase from the previous year. On average, each private enterprise generated 0.8 billion VND in pre-tax profit, with 44.3% of enterprises being profitable and 47.1% experiencing losses.

Table 19. Pre-tax profit of enterprises according to ownership structure from 2021 to 2022

State-owned enterprises accounted for 23.9% of the pre-tax profit of the enterprise sector, generating 348.3 trillion VND, which was a 33.9% increase compared to the previous year. On average, each state-owned enterprise generated 187.2 billion VND in pre-tax profit. This figure is nearly 240 times that of private enterprises and 7.7 times that of FDI enterprises.

The proportion of profitable state-owned enterprises was 82.9%, while 15.2% of these enterprises operated at a loss.

Comparing the average periods from 2021-2022 with 2016-2020, the pre-tax profit of state-owned enterprises increased by 53.7%, with the average pre-tax profit per enterprise rising by 87.7%. The proportion of profitable enterprises increased by 2.2%, while the proportion of loss-making enterprises decreased by 6.8%.

For FDI enterprises, pre-tax profit grew by 37.6%, with the average pre-tax profit per enterprise increasing by 6.5%. The proportion of profitable enterprises increased by 1.4%, while the proportion of loss-making enterprises increased by 1.7%.

The pre-tax profit of private enterprises increased significantly by 90.4%, with the average pre-tax profit per enterprise rising by 58.8%. However, the proportion of profitable enterprises decreased by 3.8%, while the proportion of loss-making enterprises increased by 3.7%.

3. According to enterprise size

In 2022, large and medium enterprises were the primary contributors to the pre-tax profit of the enterprise sector, while small and micro enterprises operated at a loss.

Large enterprises generated 1,466.4 trillion VND, an increase of 13.7% compared to 2021. On average, each large enterprise generated 72.3 billion VND in pre-tax profit, with 76.4% of enterprises being profitable and 23.3% operating at a loss.

Medium enterprises generated 41.1 trillion VND, reflecting a 9.3% increase. The average pre-tax profit per medium enterprise was 1.5 billion VND, with 71.5% of enterprises being profitable and 28.0% experiencing losses.

On the other hand, small enterprises experienced a loss of 5.7 trillion VND. The average loss per small enterprise was 29.2 million VND, with 63.2% of enterprises being profitable and 35.8% operating at a loss.

Micro enterprises experienced a loss of 42.1 trillion VND, with an average loss of 85.3 million VND per enterprise. The proportion of profitable micro enterprises was 34.5%, while 53.4% operated at a loss.

This trend underscores that larger enterprises tend to have higher profitability rates and lower loss rates compared to smaller enterprises.

Table 20. Pre-tax profit of enterprises according to enterprise size from 2021 to 2022

Comparing the average periods from 2021-2022 with 2016-2020, the pre-tax profit of large enterprises increased by 56.2%, with the average pre-tax profit per enterprise rising by 33.4%. However, the proportion of profitable enterprises decreased by 1.9%, and the proportion of loss-making enterprises increased by 7.5%.

For medium enterprises, pre-tax profit grew by 30%, with the average profit per enterprise increasing by 3.3%. Despite this growth, the proportion of profitable enterprises decreased by 3.9%, while the proportion of loss-making enterprises increased by 12.9%.

Small enterprises experienced deeper losses, with losses increasing from 122.0 billion VND during the 2016-2020 period to 1.2 trillion VND on average over the 2021-2022 period.

Micro enterprises also faced deeper losses, with losses increasing from 47.0 trillion VND to 48.0 trillion VND during the same comparison periods.

4. According to the localities

In 2022, 55 out of 63 provinces had profitable enterprises, with 18 provinces generating profits of over 10 trillion VND. The provinces with the highest profits included Hà Nội with 317.7 trillion VND, Hồ Chí Minh City with 301.5 trillion VND, Bắc Ninh with 82.0 trillion VND, Đồng Nai with 69.0 trillion VND, Bình Dương with 58.7 trillion VND, Thái Nguyên with 57.1 trillion VND, and Vĩnh Phúc with 39.0 trillion VND.

Conversely, eight provinces had enterprises operating at a loss. The provinces with the largest losses were Bình Định with 14.2 trillion VND, Thanh Hóa with 12.3 trillion VND, Hà Tĩnh with 7.6 trillion VND, Thái Bình with 2.9 trillion VND, and Phú Thọ with 821 billion VND.

Additionally, the provinces with the highest average profit per enterprise were Thái Nguyên, averaging 12.5 billion VND per enterprise, Bắc Ninh with 6.9 billion VND, Vĩnh Phúc with 5.5 billion VND, Hưng Yên and Quảng Ngãi each with 5.4 billion VND, and Tây Ninh and Lào Cai both with 4.8 billion VND per enterprise.

The provinces with the highest proportion of profitable enterprises in 2022 included Cà Mau with 76.2%, Cao Bằng with 70.7%, Hà Giang with 70.3%, Lai Châu with 69.7%, Sóc Trăng with 68.2%, An Giang with 67.2%, Điện Biên with 66.8%, and Tuyên Quang with 62.0%.

Conversely, the provinces with the highest proportion of loss-making enterprises were Đà Nẵng with 57.1%, Khánh Hòa with 55.1%, Hưng Yên with 54.7%, Hải Dương with 53.4%, and Thái Bình with 52.7%.

VI. SOME INDICATORS REFLECTING THE EFFICIENCY OF ACTIVE ENTERPRISES WITH BUSINESS PERFORMANCE IN 2022

In 2022, the labor utilization efficiency of the entire enterprise sector was 17.39 times, an increase of 1.03 times compared to 2021. The debt index reached 2.15 times, marking a 0.5% increase. The capital turnover index was 0.64 times, reflecting a 6.7% increase. The Return on Assets (ROA) was 2.6%, which is an increase of 3.6%. The return on equity (ROE) reached 8.2%, showing a 4.1% increase. However, the return on sales (ROS) was 4.1%, which represents a 3.3% decrease.

1. Labor utilization efficiency

The average labor utilization efficiency of all enterprises in 2020 reached 17.39 times, an increase of 3.3% compared to 2021.

Table 21. Labor utilization efficiency nationwide from 2016 to 2022

1.1. According to the economic sectors

In 2022, the Services sector achieved the highest labor utilization efficiency at 21.24 times. This efficiency was 1.4 times that of the Industry and Construction sector and 1.9 times that of the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector. Compared to 2021, this represents a 2.0% increase. 

Table 22. Labor utilization efficiency according to the economic sectors from 2021 to 2022

In 2022, within the Services sector, labor utilization efficiency was highest in Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles, achieving 51.20 times. This was followed by Real Estate Activities with 19.96 times, Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation with 16.98 times, Transportation and Warehousing with 14.8 times, and Financial, Banking, and Insurance Activities with 12.62 times.

The Industry and Construction sector had a labor utilization efficiency of 14.70 times, reflecting a 3.0% increase compared to 2021. Within this sector, Electricity Production and Distribution had the highest efficiency at 39.17 times, followed by Mining at 17.64 times, and Manufacturing and Processing at 14.33 times.

Within the Manufacturing and Processing industry, high-tech industries had the highest labor utilization efficiency at 22.51 times, medium-tech industries at 21.64 times, and low-tech industries at 8.58 times.

In the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector, labor utilization efficiency was 10.94 times, marking a 2.9% increase from 2021.

1.2. According to ownership structure

In 2022, state-owned enterprises achieved the highest labor utilization efficiency at 21.09 times, reflecting a 16.2% increase compared to 2021. Following this, private enterprises had a labor utilization efficiency of 19.27 times, marking a 1.1% increase. FDI enterprises had the lowest labor utilization efficiency at 13.88 times, showing a 2.5% increase.

Table 23. Labor utilization efficiency according to ownership structure from 2021 to 2022

1.3. According to enterprise size

In 2022, medium and large enterprises exhibited the highest labor utilization efficiency.

Medium enterprises had an efficiency of 18.33 times, though this was a 1.1% decrease compared to the previous year.

Large enterprises followed closely with an efficiency of 18.16 times, reflecting a 3.9% increase.

Small enterprises achieved a labor utilization efficiency of 17.21 times, marking a 2.4% increase.

Micro enterprises, while having the lowest efficiency, still saw a 3.6% increase, reaching 6.94 times.

Table 24. Labor utilization efficiency According to enterprise size from 2021 to 2022

1.4. According to the localities

In 2022, several major regions exhibited noteworthy labor utilization efficiency figures. Hồ Chí Minh City achieved a labor utilization efficiency of 17.46 times, marking a 1.0% increase. Hà Nội followed with 17.18 times, though this was a slight decrease of 0.2%. Bình Dương had an efficiency of 12.81 times, reflecting a 2.5% increase. Đồng Nai achieved 14.79 times, showing a significant 7.0% increase. Hải Phòng recorded 17.43 times, a 0.6% decrease, and Đà Nẵng reached 11.44 times, with a 5.5% increase.

Among the regions with the highest labor utilization efficiency in 2022, Thái Nguyên led with 39.59 times. Sóc Trăng followed with 35.04 times, Quảng Ngãi with 34.31 times, Đồng Tháp with 32.75 times, Lạng Sơn with 30.90 times, Cần Thơ with 30.11 times, Đắk Nông with 29.38 times, and Đắk Lắk with 29.3 times.

Conversely, the regions with the lowest labor utilization efficiency included Điện Biên with 9.79 times, Nam Định with 10.32 times, Hà Giang with 11.17 times, Đà Nẵng with 11.44 times, Thái Bình with 11.64 times, Bến Tre with 11.73 times, Phú Thọ with 11.9 times, and Tiền Giang with 12.10 times.

2. Debt index

In 2022, the overall debt index for enterprises was 2.15 times, meaning that the average total debt of enterprises was 2.15 times their average equity. This represents a 0.5% increase compared to 2021.

Table 25. Debt index of enterprises nationwide from 2016 to 2022

2.1. According to the economic sectors

In 2022, the Services sector had the highest debt index at 2.85 times. However, when excluding the Financial, Banking, and Insurance Activities sector, the debt index for the Services sector was 1.39 times.

Within the Services sector, the Financial, Banking, and Insurance Activities sector had the highest debt index at 7.84 times. This was followed by Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles with a debt index of 1.86 times, Transportation and Warehousing with 1.62 times, Real Estate Activities with 1.57 times, and Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation with 1.56 times.

Table 26. Debt index of enterprises according to the economic sectors from 2021 to 2022

The Services sectors with the lowest debt indexes in 2022 were Information and Communication with 0.57 times, Education and Training with 0.84 times, and Professional, Scientific, and Technical Activities with 0.86 times.

In the Industry and Construction sector, the overall debt index was 1.32 times. Within this sector, Electricity Production and Distribution had the highest debt index at 1.53 times, followed by Construction at 1.48 times, and Manufacturing and Processing at 1.28 times. The sectors with the lowest debt indexes were Mining at 0.69 times, and Water Supply, Waste Management, and Sewerage at 0.97 times.

The Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector had a debt index of 0.61 times.

2.2. According to ownership structure

State-owned enterprises had a debt index of 3.69 times in 2022, meaning their liabilities were 3.69 times greater than their equity. This debt index is 1.8 times that of private enterprises and 2.4 times that of FDI enterprises. Specifically, private enterprises had a debt index of 2.05 times, while FDI enterprises had a debt index of 1.54 times.

Table 27. Debt index of enterprises according to ownership structure from 2021 to 2022

2.3. According to enterprise size

In general, larger enterprises tend to have higher debt indexes. Specifically, large enterprises had the highest debt index at 2.71 times in 2022. This was 1.4 times the debt index of medium enterprises, 2 times that of small enterprises, and 3.3 times that of micro enterprises. The debt index for medium enterprises was 1.9 times, for small enterprises it was 1.37 times, and for micro enterprises it was 0.81 times.

Table 28. Debt index of enterprises According to enterprise size from 2021 to 2022

2.4. According to the localities

In 2022, some of the major regions showed significant debt indexes. Hồ Chí Minh City had a debt index of 1.65 times, Hà Nội 1.93 times, Bình Dương 1.37 times, Đồng Nai 1.11 times, Hải Phòng 1.62 times, Đà Nẵng 1.59 times, and Bà Rịa – Vũng Tàu 1.29 times.

The regions with the highest debt indexes were Sóc Trăng at 4.14 times, Khánh Hòa at 2.7 times, Kiên Giang at 2.33 times, Thanh Hóa and Nghệ An both at 2.18 times, Bắc Giang at 2.1 times, and Bình Thuận at 2.04 times.

Conversely, the regions with the lowest debt indexes included Thái Nguyên at 0.68 times, Bắc Ninh at 0.79 times, Quảng Ngãi at 0.88 times, Trà Vinh at 1.08 times, and Hậu Giang at 1.09 times.

3. Capital turnover index

In 2022, the capital turnover index for all active enterprises with business performance was 0.64 times. This means that every 1 VND of capital generated 0.64 VND in revenue. This represents a 6.7% increase compared to 2021.

Table 29. Capital turnover index of enterprises nationwide from 2016 to 2022

3.1. According to the economic sectors

The Industry and Construction sector consistently demonstrated the highest capital turnover index, achieving 0.97 times in 2022. This figure is double that of the Services sector and 2.1 times higher than the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector, marking a 7.8% increase compared to 2021.

Within this sector, the manufacturing and processing industry had the highest capital turnover index, reaching 1.25 times. Specifically, low-tech industries had a capital turnover index of 1.23 times, medium-tech industries 1.02 times, and high-tech industries 1.45 times.

Table 30. Capital turnover index of enterprises according to the economic sectors from 2021 to 2022

In 2022, the capital turnover index for various sectors was as follows: Mining had a capital turnover index of 0.77 times; Electricity Production and Distribution had 0.52 times; Construction had 0.49 times; and Water Supply, Waste Management, and Sewerage had 0.37 times.

The Services sector had a capital turnover index of 0.49 times, marking an 8.9% increase. Within this sector, the highest capital turnover indexes were observed in Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles with 1.79 times, Transportation and Warehousing with 0.98 times, Information and Communication with 0.78 times, and Healthcare and Social Assistance with 0.65 times.

The Services sectors with the lowest capital turnover indexes were Financial, Banking, and Insurance Activities with 0.09 times, Real Estate Activities with 0.12 times, Accommodation and Food Services with 0.28 times, and Professional, Scientific, and Technical Activities with 0.33 times.

The Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector had the lowest capital turnover index among the three main sectors, reaching 0.47 times, which is an 11.9% increase compared to the previous year.

3.2. According to ownership structure

In 2022, FDI enterprises achieved the highest capital turnover index at 0.97 times, which is 1.6 times higher than that of private enterprises and 2.6 times higher than that of state-owned enterprises. This represents a 3.2% increase compared to 2021. In comparison, the capital turnover index for private enterprises was 0.62 times, and for state-owned enterprises, it was 0.38 times.

Table 31. Capital turnover index of enterprises according to ownership structure from 2021 to 2022

3.3. According to enterprise size

In 2022, medium enterprises had the highest capital turnover index at 0.79 times, which represents a 6.8% increase compared to 2021. Following them were small enterprises with a capital turnover index of 0.76 times, marking a 7.0% increase.

Large enterprises had a capital turnover index of 0.66 times, showing a 3.1% increase. Micro enterprises had the lowest capital turnover index at 0.17 times, although this represented a significant increase of 30.8%.

Table 32. Capital turnover index of enterprises according to enterprise size from 2021 to 2022

3.4. According to the localities

In 2022, the capital turnover index for major regions was as follows: Hồ Chí Minh City had a capital turnover index of 0.76 times, Hà Nội 0.52 times, Bình Dương 1.06 times, Đồng Nai 1.09 times, Hải Phòng 1.07 times, and Đà Nẵng 0.69 times.

The regions with the highest capital turnover indexes included Đồng Tháp at 1.74 times, Thái Nguyên at 1.65 times, Bắc Ninh at 1.60 times, Vĩnh Phúc at 1.49 times, An Giang at 1.47 times, Cần Thơ at 1.34 times, and Vĩnh Long at 1.33 times.

On the other end, the regions with the lowest capital turnover indexes were Điện Biên at 0.24 times, Lai Châu at 0.31 times, Ninh Thuận at 0.33 times, Kiên Giang at 0.43 times, Khánh Hòa at 0.44 times, Hà Tĩnh at 0.46 times, both Hà Giang and Hưng Yên at 0.47 times, and both Trà Vinh and Gia Lai at 0.51 times.

4. Profitability

4.1. Return on Assets (ROA) 

In 2022, the Return on Assets (ROA) for the entire enterprise sector was 2.6%, which is a 3.6% increase compared to 2021. This indicates that the profitability on assets for enterprises is still relatively low, with the average enterprise needing to invest 100 VND in assets to generate 2.6 VND in profit.

Table 33. Return on Assets of enterprises nationwide from 2016 to 2022

4.1.1. According to the economic sectors

In 2022, the Industry and Construction sector had the highest Return on Assets (ROA) at 3.6%, although this was an 11.5% decrease compared to 2021.

Within this sector, the ROA for various industries were as follows: Mining achieved an ROA of 10.6%, Manufacturing and Processing had an ROA of 4.7% (with high-tech industries at 7.3%, low-tech industries at 4.5%, and medium-tech industries at 1.7%).

The Water Supply, Waste Management, and Sewerage industry had an ROA of 3.2%, Electricity Production and Distribution had an ROA of 1.5%, and the Construction industry had an ROA of 0.7%.

Table 34. Return on Assets of enterprises according to the economic sectors in 2022

In 2022, the Services sector achieved a Return on Assets (ROA) of 2.1%, representing a 24.1% increase. The industries within this sector with the highest ROAs were Information and Communication with 11.9%, Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation with 4.4%, Education and Training with 3.4%, Healthcare and Social Assistance with 2.9%, and Real Estate Activities with 2.8%.

In contrast, the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector had an ROA of 2.2%, which was an 8.8% decrease compared to the previous year.

4.1.2. According to ownership structure

In 2022, FDI enterprises demonstrated the most efficient asset utilization with a Return on Assets (ROA) of 4.9%, although this represented a 5.6% decrease compared to 2021. State-owned enterprises followed with an ROA of 3.0%, marking a 24.1% increase. Private enterprises had an ROA of 1.7%, reflecting a 2.5% increase.

Table 35. Return on Assets of enterprises according to ownership structure in 2022

4.1.3 According to enterprise size

Larger enterprises tend to utilize their assets more efficiently. Specifically, in 2022, large enterprises had a Return on Assets (ROA) of 3.6%, although this represented a slight decrease of 0.3%. Medium-sized enterprises had an ROA of 1.0%, which was an increase of 2.2%. Small enterprises had a slightly negative ROA of -0.1%, and micro enterprises had a more pronounced negative ROA of -0.9%.

Table 36. Return on Assets of enterprises according to enterprise size in 2022

4.1.4. According to the localities

In 2022, the Return on Assets (ROA) for some major regions were as follows: Hồ Chí Minh City at 2.8%, Hà Nội at 2.7%, Bình Dương at 3.2%, Đồng Nai at 4.8%, Đà Nẵng at 1.0%, and Bà Rịa – Vũng Tàu at 3.0%.

The regions with the highest ROA in 2022 were Lào Cai at 10.0%, Thái Nguyên at 9.4%, Vĩnh Phúc at 8.9%, Quảng Ngãi at 8.0%, Bắc Ninh at 7.8%, Cà Mau at 6.8%, Đồng Tháp at 5.8%, Quảng Nam and Tây Ninh both at 5.4%, Đồng Nai at 4.8%, and Bắc Giang at 4.7%.

On the other hand, the regions with the lowest ROA were Bình Định at -6.4%, Thanh Hóa and Hà Tĩnh both at -1.9%, Thái Bình at -1.6%, Bắc Kạn at -0.7%, Lạng Sơn at -0.6%, Phú Thọ and Quảng Bình both at -0.4%, and Gia Lai at 0.01%.

4.2. Return on Equity (ROE) 

In 2022, the Return on Equity (ROE) for all enterprises reached 8.2%. This means that an investment of 100 VND in equity generated 8.2 VND in profit. This represents a 4.1% increase compared to 2021.

Table 37. Return on Equity of enterprises nationwide from 2016 to 2022

4.2.1. According to the economic sectors

In 2022, the Industry and Construction sector had the highest return on equity (ROE) at 8.4%. Following this, the Services sector had an ROE of 8.1%, and the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector had the lowest ROE at 3.5%. 

Table 38. Return on Equity of enterprises according to the economic sectors in 2022

Within the Industry and Construction sector in 2022, the highest return on equity (ROE) was in the Mining industry, achieving 17.8%. This was followed by the Manufacturing and Processing industry, which had an ROE of 10.6%. Within this industry, high-tech industries achieved an ROE of 15.3%, low-tech industries 10.3%, and medium-tech industries 4.3%.

In the Services sector, the highest ROE was in the Information and Communication industry with 18.8%. This was followed by the Financial, Banking, and Insurance Activities industry with 14.8%, Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation with 11.1%, and Real Estate Activities with 7.1%.

4.2.2. According to ownership structure

In 2022, state-owned enterprises achieved the highest return on equity (ROE) at 14.3%, making them the most profitable in terms of equity utilization among the different types of enterprises. FDI enterprises followed with an ROE of 12.5%, while private enterprises had an ROE of 5.1%.

Table 39. Return on Equity of enterprises according to ownership structure in 2022

4.2.3. According to enterprise size

In 2022, large enterprises achieved the highest return on equity (ROE) at 13.5%. Medium-sized enterprises had an ROE of 2.8%. Small enterprises had a slightly negative ROE of -0.2%, and micro enterprises had the most pronounced negative ROE at -1.6%.

Table 40. Return on Equity of enterprises According to enterprise size in 2022

4.2.4. According to the localities

In 2022, the return on equity (ROE) for major regions with a concentration of enterprises was as follows: Hồ Chí Minh City had an ROE of 7.5%, Hà Nội 7.9%, Bình Dương 7.6%, Đồng Nai 10.1%, Hải Phòng 0.5%, Đà Nẵng 2.5%, and Bà Rịa – Vũng Tàu 6.7%.

Among the regions with the highest ROE in 2022, Lào Cai led with 22.4%, followed by Vĩnh Phúc with 21.7%. Thái Nguyên and Hưng Yên both had an ROE of 15.7%, Quảng Nam had 15.0%, Quảng Ngãi and Cà Mau each had 14.9%, Bắc Giang had 14.6%, and Đồng Tháp had 14.0%.

On the other hand, the regions with the lowest ROE in 2022 were Bình Định at -14.2%, Thanh Hóa at -6.1%, Hà Tĩnh at -4.4%, Thái Bình at -4.3%, Lạng Sơn at -1.8%, Bắc Kạn at -1.6%, Phú Thọ at -1.1%, and Quảng Bình at -1.0%.

4.3. Return on Sales (ROS)

In 2022, the return on sales (ROS) of all enterprises was 4.1%. This means that for every 100 VND in revenue, enterprises earned 4.1 VND in profit. However, this represents a 3.3% decrease compared to 2021.

Table 41. Return on Sales of enterprises nationwide from 2016 to 2022

4.3.1. According to the economic sectors

In 2022, the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector had the highest return on sales (ROS) at 4.6%. This was followed by the Services sector with an ROS of 4.3%, and the Industry and Construction sector with an ROS of 3.8%. 

Table 42. Return on Sales of enterprises according to the economic sectors in 2022

In 2022, the industries with the highest return on sales (ROS) within the Industry and Construction sector were Mining at 13.7%, Water Supply, Waste Management, and Sewerage at 8.8%, and Manufacturing and Processing at 3.7%.

Within the Services sector, the industries with the highest ROS were Real Estate Activities at 22.9%, Financial, Banking, and Insurance Activities at 18.3%, Information and Communication at 15.4%, Education and Training at 8.3%, and Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation at 7.3%.

4.3.2. According to ownership structure

In 2022, state-owned enterprises achieved the highest return on sales (ROS) at 8.1%. Following them, FDI enterprises had an ROS of 5.1%, while private enterprises had an ROS of 2.7%.

Table 43. Return on Sales of enterprises according to ownership structure in 2022

4.3.3. According to enterprise size

In 2022, large enterprises had the highest return on sales (ROS) at 5.5%. Medium-sized enterprises followed with an ROS of 1.2%. Small enterprises had a slightly negative ROS of -0.1%, and micro enterprises had a more pronounced negative ROS at -5.0%.

Table 44. Return on Sales of enterprises according to enterprise size in 2022

5. Worker Income

The average monthly income per worker in enterprises that were actively operating with business performance in 2022 was 11.5 million VND. This represents a 12.1% increase compared to 2021.

Table 45. The average income of workers nationwide from 2016 to 2022

5.1. According to the economic sectors

In 2022, the Services sector had the highest average monthly income per worker, reaching 13.1 million VND. This represents a 14.0% increase compared to 2021. 

Table 46. The average worker income according to the economic sectors in 2022

In 2022, within the Services sector, the industries with the highest average monthly income per worker were Financial, Banking, and Insurance Activities at 24.8 million VND, though this was a 3.3% decrease; Information and Communication at 22.5 million VND, a 20.0% increase; Healthcare and Social Assistance at 15.3 million VND, a 26.1% increase; Real Estate Activities at 14.5 million VND, a 20.1% increase; and Professional, Scientific, and Technical Activities at 14.3 million VND, a 17.8% increase.

The Industry and Construction sector had an average monthly income of 10.6 million VND, a 10.4% increase. Specifically, the average monthly income in the sectors were: Electricity Production and Distribution at 18.8 million VND, Mining at 16.5 million VND, Water Supply, Waste Management, and Sewerage at 10.4 million VND, and Construction at 9.4 million VND.

The Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector had an average monthly income of 7.7 million VND, which was a 6.7% increase.

5.2. According to ownership structure

State-owned enterprises had the highest average monthly income per worker at 16.9 million VND, which is a 7.0% increase. Specifically, enterprises that were 100% state-owned had an even higher average monthly income of 17.7 million VND, reflecting an 11.7% increase.

Private enterprises had an average monthly income of 10.2 million VND, marking a 12.9% increase, while FDI enterprises had an average monthly income of 12.6 million VND, showing a 12.6% increase.

Table 47. The average worker income according to ownership structure in 2022

5.3. According to enterprise size

The average monthly income per worker improved with the expansion of enterprise size from micro to large in 2022. Specifically, micro enterprises had the lowest average monthly income at 7.1 million VND, which was a 14.6% increase compared to 2021. Small enterprises had an average monthly income of 9.3 million VND, marking a 12.8% increase.

Medium enterprises had an average monthly income of 10.9 million VND, reflecting an 11.9% increase. Large enterprises had the highest average monthly income at 12.8 million VND, showing an 11.4% increase.

Table 48. The average worker income according to enterprise size in 2022

5.4. According to the localities

In 2022, there were 7 out of 63 regions where the average monthly income of workers in actively operating enterprises with business performance was higher than the national average of 11.5 million VND per person per month. These regions, mostly home to large enterprises and located in key economic areas, included: Hồ Chí Minh City with 14.0 million VND, Bà Rịa – Vũng Tàu with 13.4 million VND, Hà Nội with 12.8 million VND, Quảng Ninh with 12.5 million VND, Bình Dương with 12.0 million VND, Bắc Ninh with 11.8 million VND, and Hải Phòng with 11.7 million VND.

Conversely, 56 out of 63 regions had an average monthly income for workers in actively operating enterprises with business performance below the national average. The regions with the lowest average monthly income were Điện Biên at 5.5 million VND, Sóc Trăng at 6.0 million VND, Bạc Liêu at 6.5 million VND, Sơn La and Phú Yên both at 6.8 million VND, Quảng Trị at 6.9 million VND, and Tuyên Quang at 7.0 million VND.

VII. SUMMARY: KEY HIGHLIGHTS OF VIETNAMESE ENTERPRISES IN 2022 

(1) Vietnamese enterprises continued to grow both in quantity (number of enterprises, labor, capital) and in quality (net revenue, pre-tax profit, efficiency in using labor, assets, and capital). The average size by labor is showing signs of improvement post-COVID-19, and the average size by capital is on a rapid growth trajectory. However, enterprises are still predominantly micro, small, and medium-sized, accounting for 97.2% of the total. 

Enterprises with smaller sizes tend to have a lower proportion of profitable businesses and a higher proportion of businesses operating at a loss. The operational efficiency of enterprises increases with size, with larger enterprises performing more efficiently and utilizing assets and capital more effectively.

(2) The Private Enterprises sector comprises the majority of enterprises (96.6%), employing 59.2% of the total workforce and holding 59.7% of the total capital. However, it only generates 57.5% of the net revenue and 38.0% of the pre-tax profit. 

The average size of these enterprises, both in terms of labor and capital, is the smallest among the three sectors. The operational efficiency of private enterprises is not high, with the lowest proportion of profitable businesses and the highest proportion of loss-making businesses. Key performance indicators such as ROE, ROA, and ROS are also at the lowest levels within this sector.

(3) State-owned enterprises, despite accounting for only 0.3% of all enterprises and 6.6% of the workforce, held 20.5% of the total capital in the enterprise sector. They generated 12.0% of the net revenue and 23.4% of the pre-tax profit. This sector has the highest average size in terms of both labor and capital.

Workers in this sector also enjoy higher average incomes compared to those in other sectors. State-owned enterprises operate relatively efficiently, with the highest proportion of profitable businesses and the lowest proportion of loss-making businesses among the three ownership structures.

(4) FDI enterprises made up 3.1% of the total number of enterprises but attracted 34.2% of the workforce and 19.8% of the capital. They generated 30.5% of the net revenue and 38.1% of the pre-tax profit. This sector contributed the most to pre-tax profits in the enterprise sector and was also the most efficient in asset utilization.

(5) The Services sector accounted for 67.7% of all enterprises in 2022. However, due to the predominance of small and micro enterprises, which have the lowest average size in terms of both labor and capital among the three economic sectors, it only attracted 37.2% of the workforce and 67.7% of the capital. This sector generated 50.9% of the net revenue and 54.5% of the pre-tax profit.

This sector had the lowest proportion of profitable enterprises and the highest proportion of loss-making enterprises. Despite this, it paid the highest wages to workers. The most efficient industries within the Services sector were Information and Communication, and Financial, Banking, and Insurance Activities. These industries also had the highest average worker incomes in the entire economy.

(6) The Industry and Construction sector accounted for 31.5% of enterprises but created the most jobs for workers, employing 61.4% of the workforce, and had the highest average enterprise size in terms of labor.

This sector generated 48.5% of the net revenue and 44.9% of the pre-tax profit, with the highest average net revenue per enterprise among the three economic sectors. It also had the highest proportion of profitable enterprises and was the most efficient in asset utilization. 

When categorized by technology level, high-tech industries outperformed other groups in terms of enterprise size, net revenue, and pre-tax profit. These high-tech industries were also the most efficient in using labor and assets among all industrial sectors.

(7) The income of workers in enterprises has improved year by year. Workers in larger enterprises enjoy higher average incomes. Additionally, workers in major cities and provinces such as Hà Nội, Hồ Chí Minh City, Bình Dương, Hải Phòng, and Quảng Ninh have higher average incomes compared to those in smaller regions. 

The income disparity between the highest-income region (Hồ Chí Minh City) and the lowest-income region (Điện Biên) is quite significant, with Hồ Chí Minh City’s average income being 2.5 times higher than that of Điện Biên.

(8) The robust development of enterprises has significantly contributed to the economic, political, and social progress of Vietnam. This growth has ensured national defense, social welfare, and addressed employment issues for workers.

Moreover, enterprises have made substantial contributions to the state budget and have been pioneers in adopting models for the digital economy, green economy, and circular economy.

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